* News Item *

• News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.

• The generic structure of News item : 

1. Headline. 
2. Correspondence. 
3. Newsworthy events : Recounts the event in summary form. 
4. Background events : Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances. 
5. Sources : Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.

• Linguistic features :

• Action verbs.
• Verbal verbs.
• Mental verbs.
• Temporal circumstances.
• Spatial circumstances.
• Specific participants.

• Example of News item :

Shark Savages Creek Swimmer

By John Orr and AAP

A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.

Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.

He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.

He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.

“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.

He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.

A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.

Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.

Finite Verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.

          Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences

· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences

  · In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.

→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.

Example : Elis is going to shop

→ Imperative mood , giving a command

example : Help me please !!!

Don't do that !!!

Verb – Finite / Non Finite

Finite Verb

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)

For example :

I lived in Germany. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example :

I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite)

NOUN PHRASE

• Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing. Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

• The function of Noun phrase :

1. Subject

         Example :

        The children play on the forest.

     2.  Object

         Example :

         My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

     3. Complement

      Example :

      Bogor is a rainy location.

• The basic structure of Noun phrase : Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in lager phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Simple Future

• Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

• You will help him later.
• Will you help him later?
• You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

• You are going to meet Jane tonight.
• Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
• You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete List of Simple Future Forms

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
  B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
  B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
  B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
  B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
  B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

• John Smith will be the next President.
• John Smith is going to be the next President.

• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?

• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive

• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

O f f e r i n g

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
E Example :
Karina : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rita ?
Mrs. Rita : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Karina : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

* Ways to say it

* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Tarno?
* Would you care some salad?

* Offering to friends:

* * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

* Less formal expressions:

* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

* Declining an offering

* * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

* Accepting an offering:

* * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

Asking if Someone Remeber or Not

bentar lagi blog harus selesai , saatnya kejar setoran nih ..
materi selanjutnya,
Asking if Someone Remembers or Not...

1. Formal expressions:

- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

* Ways to respond:

- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember

* Ways to respond:

- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.

* Respond if you forget:

- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Tia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Tia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day !

PASSIVE VOICE

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.)

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verb)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
 


Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam Simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:
Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b. Jika active voice dalam Simple past tense

, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:
Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:
Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.



d. Jika active voice dalam Past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:
Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam Simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:
Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
Active : She w ill water this plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam Future perfect tense , maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:
Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam Past future perfect tense , maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
Active : She would have watered this plant.
Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam Present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.
Active : She is watering this plant now.
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.



i. Jika active voice dalam Past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:
Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.
Active : She was watering this plant.
Passive : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam Present perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:
Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
Active : She has been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam Past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:
Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.
Active : She had been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam Future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.
Active : She will be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam Past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam Future perect continoues tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:
Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
Active : She will have been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam Past future perfect continoues tense , maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

Contoh-contoh yang lain:
Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).